Meet The Robinson's music video by Rob Thomas!!!! (Little Wonders)

Ang Kaibigang Tunay

Kaibigang tunay ay laging matapat,
ang tulong ay laan sa lahat ng oras.

Siya ay mabait at saka marangal
sa lahat ng saglit ay maaasahan.

Sa pangangailangan, siya'y laging handa
nang ang kaibiga'y hindi mapahiya.

Siya'y nakalaan kahit na magtiis
upang mapagbigyan, katotong matalik.

Kaibigang lubos, kaibigang tapat
ay kayamanan din ang nakakatulad.

Folk Song

Leron, Leron, Sinta

Leron, leron, sinta,
Buko ng papaya,
Dala dala'y buslo
Sisidlan ng sinta;
Pagdating sa dulo'y
Nabali ang sanga,
Kapos kapalaran
Humanap ng iba.




MEANING OF THE SONG

The song is sung by a woman whose lover Leron climbed up a papaya tree carrying a basket in which he was going to place the fruit he was planning to pick for her. But when he reached the end of a branch, it broke. The woman then sings, "What bad luck! So I looked for someone else!" (He must have fallen to the ground and died.)



VOCABULARY WORDS

sinta = (my) love
buslo = basket
dala = carrying
sisidlan = in which to place
pagdating = upon arriving
sa dulo = at the end
nabali = broke
sanga = branch
kapos kapalaran = lacking in good fortune
humanap = looked for
iba = another


We'll soon have the pronunciation video for the vocabulary words.
Please bookmark us and check back!



THE FOLLOWING VERSES ARE NOT AS WELL KNOWN:
(in them, it's a man singing as he woos Neneng)

Halika na Neneng, tayo'y manampalok
Dalhin mo ang buslo, sisidlan ng hinog
Pagdating sa dulo'y uunda-undayog
Kumapit ka Neneng, baka ka mahulog.

Halika na Neneng at tayo'y magsimba
At iyong isuot ang baro mo't saya
Ang baro mo't sayang pagkaganda-ganda
Kay ganda ng kulay -- berde, puti, pula.

Ako'y ibigin mo, lalaking matapang
Ang baril ko'y pito, ang sundang ko'y siyam
Ang lalakarin ko'y parte ng dinulang
Isang pinggang pansit ang aking kalaban.

Mga Salawikain

Ang taong nagigipit, sa patalim kumakapit.
A desperate person will grab the sharp blade of a knife.

Ang taong walang kibo, nasa loob ang kulo.
A quiet person has anger boiling inside.

Sa taong walang takot, walang mataas na bakod.
To a person without fear, there is no such thing as a high fence.

Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.
An apple tree will bear apples.

Kung may tinanim, may aanihin.
If you planted something, you'll harvest something.

Aanhin pa ang damo, kung patay na ang kabayo.
What good is the grass if the horse is already dead.


Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan
ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.
If you don't know how to look back to where you came from,
you will not reach your destination.


Ang hindi magmahal sa kaniyang wika
ay mahigit pa sa hayop at malansang isda.
(José Rizal)
A person who does not love his own language
is worse than beast and foul-smelling fish.

Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.
When the blanket is short, learn to curl up under it.


Ang tunay na anyaya, sinasamahan ng hila.
A sincere invitation is accompanied by a pull (of the hand).

Mga Salawikain

Nasa Diyos ang awa,
nasa tao ang gawa.


Kapag ang tao'y matipid,
maraming maililigpit.


Ano man ang gagawin, makapitong iisipin.


Ang hindi napagod
magtipon, walang
hinayang magtapon.


Madali ang maging tao, mahirap magpakatao.


Ang tunay na anyaya, sinasamahan ng hila.


Ang magalang na sagot ay nakakapawi ng poot.


Ang gawa sa pagkabata, dala
hanggang pagtanda.


Pag di ukol, ay di bubukol.


Kung sino ang masalita
ay siyang kulang sa gawa.


Daig ng maagap ang
taong masipag.


Ako ang nagbayo ako ang nagsaing saka ng maluto'y
iba ang kumain.


Ubus-ubos biyaya, pagkatapos
nakatunganga.

Complex Numbers

Chapter 4
Complex Numbers

4.8 De Moivre’s Theorem Page: 357

De Moivre's formula, named after Abraham de Moivre, states that for any complex number (and, in particular, for any real number) x and any integer n it holds that

The formula is important because it connects complex numbers (i stands for the imaginary unit) and trigonometry. The expression "cos x + i sin x" is sometimes abbreviated to "cis x".

By expanding the left hand side and then comparing the real and imaginary parts, it is possible to derive useful expressions for cos(nx) and sin(nx) in terms of cos(x) and sin(x). Furthermore, one can use this formula to find explicit expressions for the n-th roots of unity, that is, complex numbers z such that zn = 1.


Multiplying two complex numbers in polar form is easily undertaken by using the rules set out in the last section.
This leads to a very simple formula for calculating powers of complex numbers - known as De Moivre's theorem.

Consider the product of z with itself (z2) if z =

The rules of multiplying the moduli and adding the arguments gives
z2 = =

Now consider z3
Take z2 = and multiply this by z =
This gives z3 = ( )( ) =
A pattern has emerged.

This result can be extended to the nth power and is known as De Moivre's Theorem.



De Moivre's theorem

If z = , then


Now look at the proof of this theorem which is included for interest at proof (11).
This is a very useful result as it makes it simple to find once z is expressed in polar form.


Example 1

Calculate

Answer:
Using De Moivre's theorem


[ To reach this result
multiply the moduli to give 25 and add the arguments to give ]



Example 2

Calculate (1 - i 3)6

Answer:
First express z = 1 - i 3 in polar form.



= 2

As z is in the fourth quadrant arg z = - where tan = 3, i.e.
So arg z = and z =

Using De Moivre's theorem




De Moivre's theorem and the rule for dividing complex numbers in polar form can be used to simplify fractions involving powers.



Example 3

Simplify

Answer:
First express 1 - i 3 and 1 + i in polar form.

From the previous example 1 - i 3 =
From an Argand diagram 1 + i =
By De Moivre's theorem

and

Hence

[To divide complex numbers in polar form, divide the moduli and subtract the arguments.]






Question

Simplify

Answer




Question

Simplify


Answer








Chapter 7
Calculus

7.3 The Derivative Page: 533

The graph of a function, drawn in black, and a tangent line to that function, drawn in red. The slope of the tangent line is equal to the derivative of the function at the marked point.
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs change. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much a quantity is changing at some given point. For example, the derivative of the position of a car at some point in time is the velocity, or speed, at which that car is traveling (conversely the integral of the velocity is the car's position or distance traveled).
The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of the function near that input value. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. In higher dimensions, the derivative of a function at a point is a linear transformation called the linearization.[1]
The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. The fundamental theorem of calculus states that differentiation is the reverse process to integration.
The derivative of a function represents an infinitesimal change in the function with respect to one of its variables.
The "simple" derivative of a function with respect to a variable is denoted either or


often written in-line as . When derivatives are taken with respect to time, they are often denoted using Newton's overdot notation for fluxions,


The "d-ism" of Leibnitz's eventually won the notation battle against the "dotage" of Newton's fluxion notation (P. Ion, pers. comm., Aug. 18, 2006).
When a derivative is taken times, the notation or


is used, with


etc., the corresponding fluxion notation.
When a function depends on more than one variable, a partial derivative


can be used to specify the derivative with respect to one or more variables.
The derivative of a function with respect to the variable is defined as


but may also be calculated more symmetrically as


provided the derivative is known to exist.
It should be noted that the above definitions refer to "real" derivatives, i.e., derivatives which are restricted to directions along the real axis. However, this restriction is artificial, and derivatives are most naturally defined in the complex plane, where they are sometimes explicitly referred to as complex derivatives. In order for complex derivatives to exist, the same result must be obtained for derivatives taken in any direction in the complex plane. Somewhat surprisingly, almost all of the important functions in mathematics satisfy this property, which is equivalent to saying that they satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
These considerations can lead to confusion for students because elementary calculus texts commonly consider only "real" derivatives, never alluding to the existence of complex derivatives, variables, or functions. For example, textbook examples to the contrary, the "derivative" (read: complex derivative) of the absolute value function does not exist because at every point in the complex plane, the value of the derivative depends on the direction in which the derivative is taken (so the Cauchy-Riemann equations cannot and do not hold). However, the real derivative (i.e., restricting the derivative to directions along the real axis) can be defined for points other than as


As a result of the fact that computer algebra programs such as Mathematica generically deal with complex variables (i.e., the definition of derivative always means complex derivative), correctly returns unevaluated by such software.
If the first derivative exists, the second derivative may be defined as


and calculated more symmetrically as


again provided the second derivative is known to exist.
Note that in order for the limit to exist, both and must exist and be equal, so the function must be continuous. However, continuity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for differentiability. Since some discontinuous functions can be integrated, in a sense there are "more" functions which can be integrated than differentiated. In a letter to Stieltjes, Hermite wrote, "I recoil with dismay and horror at this lamentable plague of functions which do not have derivatives."
A three-dimensional generalization of the derivative to an arbitrary direction is known as the directional derivative. In general, derivatives are mathematical objects which exist between smooth functions on manifolds. In this formalism, derivatives are usually assembled into "tangent maps."
Performing numerical differentiation is in many ways more difficult than numerical integration. This is because while numerical integration requires only good continuity properties of the function being integrated, numerical differentiation requires more complicated properties such as Lipschitz classes.
Simple derivatives of some simple functions follow.




































































































where , , etc. are Jacobi elliptic functions, and the product rule and quotient rule have been used extensively to expand the derivatives.
There are a number of important rules for computing derivatives of certain combinations of functions. Derivatives of sums are equal to the sum of derivatives so that


In addition, if is a constant,


The product rule for differentiation states


where denotes the derivative of with respect to . This derivative rule can be applied iteratively to yield derivative rules for products of three or more functions, for example,








The quotient rule for derivatives states that


while the power rule gives


Other very important rule for computing derivatives is the chain rule, which states that for ,


or more generally, for


where denotes a partial derivative.
Miscellaneous other derivative identities include




If , where is a constant, then


so


Derivative identities of inverse functions include












A vector derivative of a vector function


can be defined by


The th derivatives of for , 2, ... are















The th row of the triangle of coefficients 1; 1, 1; 2, 4, 1; 6, 18, 9, 1; ... (Sloane's A021009) is given by the absolute values of the coefficients of the Laguerre polynomial .
Faá di Bruno's formula gives an explicit formula for the th derivative of the composition .
The June 2, 1996 comic strip FoxTrot by Bill Amend (Amend 1998, p. 19; Mitchell 2006/2007) featured the following derivative as a "hard" exam problem intended for a remedial math class but accidentally handed out to the normal class:




Chapter 6
Probability

6.4 Probability Page: 471


Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes' relative likelihoods and distributions. In common usage, the word "probability" is used to mean the chance that a particular event (or set of events) will occur expressed on a linear scale from 0 (impossibility) to 1 (certainty), also expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100%. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics.

There are several competing interpretations of the actual "meaning" of probabilities. Frequentists view probability simply as a measure of the frequency of outcomes (the more conventional interpretation), while Bayesians treat probability more subjectively as a statistical procedure that endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution.

A properly normalized function that assigns a probability "density" to each possible outcome within some interval is called a probability function (or probability distribution function), and its cumulative value (integral for a continuous distribution or sum for a discrete distribution) is called a distribution function (or cumulative distribution function).

A variate is defined as the set of all random variables that obey a given probabilistic law. It is common practice to denote a variate with a capital letter (most commonly ). The set of all values that can take is then called the range, denoted (Evans et al. 2000, p. 5). Specific elements in the range of are called quantiles and denoted , and the probability that a variate assumes the element is denoted .

Probabilities are defined to obey certain assumptions, called the probability axioms. Let a sample space contain the union ( ) of all possible events , so


and let and denote subsets of . Further, let be the complement of , so that


Then the set can be written as


where denotes the intersection. Then




















where is the empty set.
Let denote the conditional probability of given that has already occurred, then

























The relationship


holds if and are independent events. A very important result states that


which can be generalized to

Edvard Kocbek

Born the son of a church organist in 1904, Edvard Kocbek grew up in the section of present-day Slovenia that was then Austria-Hungary. He studied classics and foreign languages in high school, but by the time he had finished his studies Slovenia had lost much of its independence and had become part of the new country of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. He entered a Catholic seminary in Maribor with the intention of becoming a priest. After two years, however, he left, protesting the rigid rules of the community.

In Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, Kocbek studied Romance languages and literature at the university and edited the Catholic magazine, Cross, while also contributing to the Catholic Socialist Fire. Writing poetry, he began find a space between the provincialism of much of Slovene literature at the time and the avant-gardism of poet Srečko Kosovel.

Two trips of western Europe to Berlin and France, where he discovered German expressionism and French surrealism, highly influenced his writing, and upon his return to Slovenia, he began writing a cycle of “Autumn Poems,” which, with other such poetic cycles, would make up his first published book, Zemlija (Earth, 1934).

By the mid-1930s, as the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes changed its name to Yugoslavia and became a monarchist dictatorship, Kocbek began speaking out against the Slovene support of Franco, as he moved closer to socialism. By the beginning of World War II the poet called for a new political order: [The intellectual] must opt for a new order as soon as possible, without supporting any particular ideological group in its entirety.” Throughout the war Kocbek was active in anti-Fascist groups, and he had attained the rank of general, serving, briefly, as a minister in Belgrade by the end of the war. Returning to Slovenia he became Vice President of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Slovenia.

Throughout World War II, Kocbek had continued to write, but he was not eager to publish. The rise of Yugoslavian Communism, coinciding with the new wave of Stalinism in Russia, meant that there was a high level of censorship throughout this period; and it was only when Tito broke with the Comintern in 1948 that Kocbek ventured to publish excerpts from his war time diary, Comradeship. But his next book, the collection of stories Fear and Courage, resulted his public disgrace and his being outcast as an official. For the next ten years he became a nonperson, his watched, his phone tapped, and quarantined to his neighborhood. He earned a living only through translation. Only in 1963 was he allowed to publish a new collection of poetry, Groza (Dread). In 1967 he published a second volume of war-time diaries, Document, and, in 1969 another volume of poetry, Poročilo(Report). His collected poems, Zbrane pesmi, appeared in 1971, containing three new volumes of work, Pentagram, Embers, and Bride in Black.

Late in his life, Kocbek received the acclaim that had been previously denied him, and he was welcomed to literary circles in Slovenia and traveled to several countries, including England, France, Germany, Austria and Italy, becoming a particularly close friend with Nobel Prize-winning novelist Heinrich Böll. Upon his death in 1981, he was granted a state funeral.

Mga Relehiyon

Kristiyanismo




Ang Kristyanismo ay isang relihyong monoteista (naniniwala sa iisang Diyos lamang) na nakabatay sa buhay at turo ni Hesus ng Naẕaret ayon sa isinulat ng kanyang mga tagapagsunod sa Bagong Tipan. Pinaniniwalaan ng mga Kristiyano na si Hesus ay ang anak ng Diyos at ang Mesias na pinaghulaan ng mga sugo sa Lumang Tipan. Ang Bagogng Tipan ng Bibliya ay tinitingnan bilang tala ng Ebanghelyong ipinahayg ni Hesus. Ito ay ang pinakamalaking pananampalataya sa buong daidig na may higit kumulang sa 2.1 bilyong taong kasapi nito. Sa kasulukuyan, ito ay malakas sa Europa, mga Amerika, Katimugang Afrika, ang Pilipinas at sa Oceania at tumutubo na sa Asya, lalo na sa Tsina at Timog Korea.
Nagsimula ang Kristiyanismo bilang "offshoot" ng Judaismo at kasama ang Bibliang Hebreo bilang Lumang Tipan sa mga banal na Kasulatan nito. Tulad ng Judaismo at Islam, itinatalaga ang Kristiyanismo bilang isang Pananampalatyang Abrahamiko.
Isa sa mga pinakakilalang mga sagisag ng Kristiyanismo ay ang krus, kasama rin ng isda, o "Icthys" kung tawagin. Ang pangalang "Kristiyano" (Griyegong Χριστιανός, "Christianos" Strong's G5546), ay may kahulugang "kabilang kay Kristo" o "pagmamay-ari ni Kristo", at ito ang tawag sa mga sinaunang disipulo sa lungsod ng Antioch (Gawa 11:26) at ang unang paggamit ng "Kristiyanismo" (Χριστιανισμός, "Christianismos") bilang pangalan ng pananampalatayang ito ay mula kay San Ignacio ng Antioch.

Mga Paniniwala
Ang mga iba't ibang pangkat o kung tawagin ay mga "Simbahan" sa loob ng Kristiyanismo ay may magkakaibang pananaw ukol sa relihiyong ito, subalit ang karamihan ng mga kasapi ay may mga magkakahawig o magkatulad na mga doktrina, o mga paniniwalang opisyal. Kasama rito ay ang:

Hesukristo
Sa pangalan pa lamang na "Kristiyanismo, halatang ang pinaka-sentro ng teolohiyang Kristiyano ay ang paniwalang si Hesus ay ang Mesias (Hebreo: מָשִׁיחַ, māšiáħ) o ang Kristo (hango sa salitang Kastilang "Cristo", na mula naman sa Griyegong Χριστός, Christos). Pinaniniwalaang si Hesus, bilang Mesias, ay ang Manunubos at Hari ng sangkatauhan, at ang kaniyang pagparito ay ang katuparan ng mga propesiya ng Lumang Tipan. Iba ito mula sa konsepto ng Mesias ng mga Hudyo, sapagkat ang sentrong paniniwala ng Kristiyanismo ay sa pamamagitan ng pagkamatay at muling pagkabuhay ni Hesus, ang mga makasalanan ay bumalik na sa Panginoon, nailigtas mula sa kasalanan, at nakamit ang buhay na walang hanggan.
Sa halip ng mga debate ukol sa tunay na pagkatao ni Hesus, ang karamihan sa mga Kristiyano'y naniniwala na siya ay Diyos na nagkatawang-tao at "tunay na Diyos at tunay na tao".





Mga Kristiyanong Relihiyon Sa Pilipinas





Simbahang Katoliko o Katolisismo






Maikling Kasaysayan ng Simbahang Katolika

Ang Simbahang Katolika ay orihinal na nasa ilalim ng pamamahala ng tatlong patriarka. Ito ay ang patriarka ng Roma, Alexandria at ng Antiquia. Nang kalaunan ay naidagdag ang patriarka ng Constantinople at ng Jerusalem. Ang obispo ng Roma ang siyang pinakakilala noong mga panahong iyon. May kakataon na ang pagtatalo sa doktrina at pamamalakad ay isinasangguni sa Roma. Noong mailipat ang kabisera sa Constantinople, napadalas ang panghahamon (batikos at kwestiyon) sa mga impluwensya ng Roma. Bagamat, inaangkin ng Roma ang espesyal na kapangyarihan at pagiging angkan ni San Pedro at San Pablo, na pinaniniwalaan ng lahat ng patriarka bilang isang martir at nailibing sa Roma, ang Constantinople naman ang siyang residensiya ng Emperador, at ang simbahan naman ng Antioch at ng Alexandria ay matanda pa sa Roma. Itinuturing din na unang namahala o tatag ng Sede si San Pedro sa Antioch bago ito pumaroon sa Roma.
Noong taong 431, ang Konseho ng Efeso ang Ikatlong Konsehong Ekumenikal, ay siyang nagbigay pansin sa Nestorianismo. Ang Nestorianismo ay isang ereheng paniniwala ng paghihiwalay ng katauhan at kabanalan ni Jesus. Ito rin ang paniniwalang nagsasabing ang Birheng Maria ay nagluwal lamang, hindi sa Diyos, kundi sa katauhan (o katawang tao) lamang ni Hesukristo. Tahasang itinakwil ng Konsehong ito ang paniniwalang ito, at kinatigan nila ang paniniwalang si Birheng Maria ay Theotokos, o "Ina ng Diyos". Isa ito sa pinakamalaking kaguluhan sa kasaysayan ng Simbahan. Yaong mga hindi tumanggap ng desisyon ng Konseho ng Efeso ay karamihang Persiano at nagsipagtatag o kinakatawan ng mga Simbahang Assyrian ng Silangan at ng mga kaugnay na simbahan.
Isa pa pangyayari ang lumikha ng alingusngos sa Simbahang Katolika. Ito ay ang matapos na ilabas ng Konseho ng Kalsedonya ang pananaw nila sa Eutychian Monophysitism. Ayon sa doktrinang ito, nakikiisa ang kabanalan sa katauhan ni Kristo. Dagdag pa ng konseho na ang iisang personang ito ay may dalawang kalikasan "walang pagkakalito, walang pagbabago, walang paghahati at walang paghihiwalay" o "hindi dapat ipagkalito, hindi maipagbabago, hindi mahahati at hindi mapaghihiwalay", at kukng magkagayon ay parehong buong Diyos at buong tao. Ang mga simbahang Alexandrino ay hindi sumang-ayon dito. Ang mga ito ay ang mga "Sinaunang Simbahang Oriental" o ang "Kumunyong Ortodoxong Oriental".
Nagsanga naman noong ikalabing daang taon (siglo 11) ng isa pang usapin ang Simbahang Katolika. Laman ng pangyayaring ito ang mga pagtatalo sa doktrina, di pagkakasundo sa pamamahala ng simbahan, ang ebolusyon ng paghihiwalay ng mga rito at mga kasanayan o tradisyon. Noong 1054 rin ay naganap ang isa pang paghahati ng Simbahan. Ang paghahati sa pagitan ng "Silangan at ng "Kanluran". Kabilang sa silangang grupo ay ang Grecia, Rusya, lupaing Eslabiko (Slavic lands), Anatolia at mga Simbahan ng Sirya, Ehipto. Sila ang mga simbahang tumanggap sa Konseho ng Kalsedonya. Samantala ang Inglatera, Pransya, Banal na Emperyo ng Roma,Escandinabya at ang kalakhang Kanlurang Europa ang sya namang nasa kanlurang grupo. Ang pagkakawatak watak nito ay tinawag na Malaking Hidwaan Great Schism.
Ang pinahuling pagkakahati ay naganap noong ika labing anim na daang taon (siglo 16), noong panahon ng Repormasyon. Ang mga kanluraning simbahan ay tahakang nagtakwil sa mga turo ng Simbahang Romano Katolika at napangalanang "Protestante"
Gayumpaman, ang ilang sa mga protestanteng ito, ay nanalig pa rin na sila ang tunay, buo at kumpletong Katoliko. Ang ilan sa kanila ay naniniwala na sila ay BAHAGI ng Simbahang Katolika, samantalang ang iba ay naniniwala na sila LAMANG ang Simbahang Katolika.

Natatanging Paniniwala at Sakramento

Paniniwala
Sakramento
• Binyag
• Kumpil
• Banal na Pakikinabang o Yukaristiya
• Kumpisal
• Annointing of the Sick
• Holy Orders
• Banal na Matrimonya o Kasal

Simbahang Romano Katoliko
Ang Simbahang Katoliko, ay hindi isang abstract at invisible entity, bagkus ay isang nakikita at konkretong bahagi ng sanka-Kristiyanuhan; kadalasang tinatawag ding "Simbahang Romano Katoliko."









Islam




Ang Islam ay nakilala sa Pilipinas noong 13 siglo sa pamamagitan ng isang Arabong Misyonaryo na si Sharif Makhdum na lumapag sa Sulu. Ipinagawa niya ang unang Masjid sa Pilipinas sa Tubig-Indangan, Pulo ng Simunol, Lalawigan ng Tawi-Tawi. Ang natitirang bahagi ng Masjid ay makikita pa rin sa dati niyang kinalalagyan. Si Makhdum ay namatay sa Pulo ng Sibuto, Lalawigan ng Tawi-Tawi at ang kanyang puntod ay dinadayo ng mga turista hanggang sa ngayon.
Ng taong 1390, si Rajah Baginda ay dumating sa Bansa at pinagpatuloy ang pagpapalaganap ng Islam na sinimulan ni Sharif Makhdum. Si Abu Bakr ay dumating sa Jolo noong 1450 at pagkatapos ay pinakasalan niya ang dalagang anak ni Rajah Baginda na si Putri (Princess) Paramisuli. Si Abu Bakr ang nagtatag sa tinatawag na Sultanate of Sulu na kung saan silang mag-asawa ang naging unang Sultan at Sultana.
Pagkatapos maitatag ang Islam sa Sulu, ang mga Muslim ay naglakbay patungong Mindanao sa pamumuno ni Sharif Kabungsuwan. Siya ay lumapag sa Maguindanao (Cotabato) sa taong 1475 at pagkatapos ay pinakasalan niya si Putri Tunina. Sila rin ang kauna-unahang Sultan at Sultana sa Maguindanao.
Sa paglipas ng maraming taon, maraming Datu na Muslim ang pumunta sa Pilipinas pagkatapos marinig ang magandang balita sa magandang pagtanggap sa mga naunang Muslim. Magmula sa Borneo ay dumating ang sampung Datu na lumapag sa Panay. Ang mga Datung ito ay sina : Datu Puti, Datu Sumakwel, Datu Bangkaya, Datu Dumalogdog, Datu Paiburong, Datu Paduhinog, Datu Lubay, Datu Dumangsil, Datu Kalantiaw at si Datu Balensula.
Si Datu Puti ang siyang pinuno ng grupo ng mga Datu. Si Datu Puti ay dalubhasa sa paglalakbay at sila'y lumapag sa San Joaquin, Iloilo (ang pangalan nito noong una ay Siwaragan). Si Datu Puti at ang mga kasama niya ay binili ang mababang lupa sa Iloilo na nagmula kay Marikudo, ang pinuno ng mga Ita. Nagtatag sila ng sarili nilang pamayanan. Nang ang pamilya ng mga taga Borneo ay natatag sa Panay, si Datu Puti, si Datu Balensula at si Datu Dumangsil ay naglakbay muli at kanilang narating ang Batangas na sakop ng Luzon.
Si Datu Balensula at si Datu Dumangsil ay nagtatag ng sarili nilang pamayanan at si Datu Puti ay nagbalik sa Borneo sa daang Mindoro at Palawan. Isinalaysay niya ang kanyang karanasan sa mga Borneans at dumami ang nabighani para makapunta sa Pilipinas.
Nang lumapag si Magellan sa Pulo ng Limasawa noong ika-16 ng Marso 1521, ang Pilipinas ay isa ng Bansa ng mga Muslim sa kadahilanang ang karamihan ng populasyon ay mga Muslim na. Pinatutunayan din sa kasaysayan na noong dumating si Legaspi (ang pumalit kay Magellan na napatay ni Lapu-Lapu), ang kaharian ng mga Muslim ay naitatag na sa Batangas, Pampanga, Mindoro, Panay, Catanduanes, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Manila, Palawan, na hindi pa kasali ang solidong mga Pulo ng Mindanao.
Noong ika-13 ng Hunyo 1571, ang mga Kastila ang nagpasimula ng mainit na digmaan laban sa mga Muslim ng Maynila na pinamumunuan ng huling haring Muslim na si Rajah Soliman (ang pinuno ng mga Sultan sa Luzon).
Ipinagtangol ni Rajah Soliman ang kanyang kaharian ng buong tatag hanggang sa kahulihulihang hibla ng kanyang buhay na nangyari sa Bangkusay, (sa dalampasigan ng Tondo). Sa pagkatalo ni Soliman, ang mga Kastila ay nagdulot ng lagim sa Pulo ng Luzon. Pinatay nila ang mga lalaki at babae, matanda at bata.
Ang mga Muslim sa karatig bayan ay nagtangol sa kanilang mga sarili hanggang sa kanilang huling hininga. Itak at palaso laban sa baril at kanyon.

Itinatag ng mga Kastila na pangunahing lugar ang Manila at nagplano sila na lusubin ang Visayas. Sa maikling sandali, nalupig nila ang Visayas. Ang mga Muslim na hindi namatay sa digmaan ay napilitang talikdan ang kanilang relihiyon at tanggapin ang Kristiyanismo. Pero ang mga matatapang at bayani ay mas nilubos pa nilang mamatay kaysa sumira sa ALLAH (Subhanahu Wa Taala). Ang mga katutubo na mahihina ang pananampalataya sa kanilang dating relihiyon ay tinangap ang relihiyon ng mga Kastila.
Hindi huminto ang mga Kastila sa pagsakop sa Luzon at Visayas. Di pa sila nakontento, pinangarap pa nilang masakop ang mayamang lupain ng Mindanao. Pero ang mga tribu ng Kalagan, Maguindanao, Iranon, Maranaw, Tausog, Yakan at Sama, nilabanan nila at pinahinto ang pangarap ng mga Kastila.

At doon nagsimula ang tumanyag na digmaan ng mga Muslim at Kastila.

Dalawang bagay ang dahilan kung bakit nagkaroon ng digmaan :

1) Gusto ng mga Kastila na siyang maghari at sakupin ang mga Muslim pero mahal ng mga Muslim ang kanilang kalayaan at mas gugustuhin pa nilang mamatay kaysa maging alipin ng mga Kastila.

1) Nagpahayag ang mga Kastila ng mensahe ng Kristiyanismo sa pamamagitan ng espada kaya't nag-alsa ang mga Muslim at ginamit ang kanilang kris at bolo para ipagtanggol ang Islam hangang sa huling sandali.
Ang pagsakop ng mga Kastila sa Pilipinas ay nagwakas noong taong 1898 at ang mga Amerikano ang siyang pumalit sa mga Kastila.
Sa mahigit na tatlong daang taon na sinubukan ng mga Kastila na sakupin ang mga Muslim, ang Espanya ay bumagsak at napahiya dahil ang mga Muslim sa Mindanao ay nagtagumpay na maipagtangol ang Islam sa Mindanao. Ganoon din ang nangyari sa mga Amerikano at Hapon na walang nagawa para sakupin ang mga Muslim. Dito natin makikita ang kapangyarihan at kadakilaan ng ALLAH (Subhanahu Wa Taala) na kapag ginusto Niya, walang makapipigil lalo na't ipinaglalaban ng mga Muslim ang relihiyon ng ALLAH, ang Islam.









Iglesia Ni Kristo





Ang Iglesia ni Cristo (Iglesya ni Kristo, daglat:INC o, sa Ingles ay Church of Christ) ay isang independyenteng relihiyosong organisasyon na nagmula pa sa kapuluang Pilipinas.[1] Ito ay narehistro at naiinkorpora sa Security and Exchange Commission sa Pilipinas noong ika-27 ng Hulyo, taong 1914.
Nananampalataya ang organisasyong ito na sila ay ang tunay na iglesia na tinatag ni Hesus noong unang siglo na natalikod sa tunay na aral; at muling bumangon sa Pilipinas sa bisa ng hula ng Biblia, gayumpaman sila ay hindi naniniwala sa doktrina hinggil sa Santisima Trinidad, maging ang paniniwala ng pagkadiyos ni Hesus.
Kilala ang mga arkitektura ng Iglesia ni Cristo dahil sa kanilang matataas na patusok (modern gothic) na pigura sa mga kapilya at gusali nito.

Kasaysayan

Ang konteksto ng kasaysayan ng Iglesia ni Cristo ay nakasasalay at umiikot sa ikadalawampung dantaon, na makikilala sa paglabasan ng mga rural na kilusang laban sa kolonyalismo, na kadalasan ay may temang pangrelihiyon. Sa panahong ito, ang mga misyonaryong mula sa Amerika ay nagpakilala sa kulturang Pilipino ng mga alternatibo sa Katolisismo na sya namang pamana ng mga Kastila.
Sa mga panahong iyon, si Felix Manalo na sinasabing lubhang relihiyoso na kahit ng siya ay bata pa lamang, ay sumali na sa mga relihiyosong organisasyon at nagpatuloy sa pagpapalipat-lipat dahil ayon sa kaniya ay sinasalungat ng mga turo na ito ang aral sa Bibliya. Kinalaunan iprinoklama niya na siya ay mayroong misyon na ipangaral muli ang unang iglesia na itinatag ni Kristo at mangaral ng dalisay na ehanghelyo.
Nagsimula ang mga INC na magkaroon ng taga sunod noong ika-27 ng Hulyo, 1914 sa Punta, Santa Ana, Manila; si Manalo ang umaktong punong ministro.[10] Pinalaganap niya ang kaniyang mensahe sa kaniyang lokal na nasasakupan na naging dahilan ng pagdami nila at pag-akay sa ibang miyembro ng ibang relihiyon. Nang lumalaki na ang bilang ng organisasyon, humirang siya ng mga delegado para magpakilala ng turo ng Iglesia ni Cristo sa ibat ibang lupain, kabilang na ang mga nasa labas ng bansa. Noong namatay si Felix Manalo, taong 1963, ang kaniyang anak na si Eraño Manalo naman ang siyang humalili bilang ehekutibong ministro at si Eduardo V. Manalo naman ang "deputy executive minister".
Umabot na sa dalawang libo anim na raan at tatlumpu't lima (2,635) kongregasyon na kung tawagin ay lokal sa mahigit na 84 na bansa at territoryo sa buong mundo ang inaabot ng Iglesia ni Cristo.[12] Kilala rin ang Iglesia ni Cristo sa Hawaii at California, dalawang estadong kilala sa dami ng imigranteng Pilipino. Bagamat hindi naglalabas ang Iglesia ni Cristo ng tunay na bilang ng kanilang miyembro, ang Catholic Answer ay naniniwala na sila ay maaring nasa pagitan ng 3 hanggang 10 milyon.

Gawaing Pangmisyonaryo

Sa Pilipinas, may programang itinatanggal at sumasahimpapawid sa radyo 954 kHz DZEM-AM, DZEC 1062 kHz-AM at telebisyon Net 25, dalawang istasyong pag-aari ng INC at maging sa GEM-TV Channel 49 ng Eagle Broadcasting Corporation.
Sa Hilagang America, isang programang pantelebisyon ang may pangalang "The Message" na produced naman ng Iglesia ni Cristo sa San Francisco Bay Area. Sa kasalukuyan ito ay naisahihimpapawid sa Estados Unidos at Canada at sa ilang bahagi ng Europa. Ang tatlumpong minutong programang ito ay tinatampukan ng ibat ibang pagtalakay ukol sa mga aral na sinasampalatayanang aral ng Iglesia Ni Cristo.
Mayroon ding magasin para sa kongregasyon sa buong mundo na may pamagat na "God's Message" (kilala rin sa dating tawag na Pasugo). Ang God's Message ay naipiprinta sa Tagalog at Ingles na edisyon. Mayroong mga edisyon na parehong may Tagalog at Ingles. Ang magasin na ito ay binubuo ng mga liham sa editor, balita sa mga lokal sa buong mundo, relihiyosong tula, at mga artikulo hinggil sa pananampalatayang pang Iglesia ni Cristo, direktoryo ng mga lokal sa labas ng Pilipinas, at nagpapalabas din ng mga talapalabas ng mga serbisyong pagsamba. May mga pamphlets din na ibinibigay sa mga miyembro na nagpapakilala sa mga paunahing tagapagsalita tuwing mayroong nakatakdang pagsamba.
Mayroon ding gawaing naglalayon nang pagtulong sa mahihirap. Nakapagtatag na sila ng pabahay gaya ng "Tagumpay Village" at nagbibigay ng libreng gamutan at serbisyong dental sa mga proyektong gaya ng "Lingap Sa Mamamayan". Bukod dito, mayroon rin silang mga serbisyong pangkomunidad gaya ng paglilins ng lansangan, pagtatanim (tree planting project) at pag-dodonate ng dugo.

Compilation Of Unfamiliar Wors....(a-z)

The Word: Auspice
Syllabication: plural aus·pic·es /-p&-s&z, -"sEz/
Pronunciation: 'os-p&s
Part of Speech: Plural
Origin: Latin auspicium, from auspic-, auspex diviner by birds,
from avis bird + specere to look, look at -- more at
AVIARY, SPY
Meaning: favorable influence, omenSynonyms: Omen, Portent, Presage, Prognostic
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection:
1 : observation by an augur especially of the flight and feeding of birds to discover omens 2 plural : kindly patronage and guidance historical society> 3 : a prophetic sign; especially : a favorable sign
How the word is used in the dictionary: The school fair was held
under the auspices of the Parent’s association.
Student’s use of the word: J.S. prom was held under the auspices
of the principal.



The Word: Bulge
Syllabication: bul/ge
Pronunciation: [buhlj]
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle English boulge, bouge leather bag, curved part, from
Anglo-French bouge bag -- more at BUDGET
Meaning: swelling
Synonyms: None
Antonyms: hole, hollow
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: You can notice the bulge in
his pocket.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Censure
Syllabication: Cen/sure
Pronunciation: 'sen(t)-sh&r
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Latin : NONE
Meaning: Criticism,blame
Synonyms: admonishment, admonition, blame, castigation,
condemnation
Antonyms: approval, blessing, praise
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: Censure is sometimes
harder to bear than punishment.
Student’s use of the word:





The Word: Derelict
Syllabication: der·e·lict
Pronunciation: 'der-&-"likt, 'de-r&-
Part of Speech: Adjective
Origin: Latin derelictus, past participle of derelinquere to abandon,
from de- + relinquere to leave -- more at RELINQUISH
Meaning:
1: abandoned especially by the owner or occupant; also : Run-
down
2: lacking a sense of duty : Negligent
Synonyms: pauper, poor man
Antonyms: derelict, delinquent, neglectful, remiss
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: A derelict ship.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Embark
Syllabication: em·bark
Pronunciation: \im-ˈbärk\
Part of Speech: Verb
Origin: Middle French embarquer, from Old Occitan embarcar,
from em- (from Latin in-) + barca bark
Meaning:
Synonyms: Begin, commence get, start out, start, set about
Antonyms: disembark, debark, set down
Inflection:
Intransitive verb
1 : to go on board a vehicle for transportation embarked at noon>
2 : to make a start
Transitive verb
1 : to cause to go on board (as a boat or airplane)
2 : to engage, enlist, or invest in an enterprise
How the word is used in the dictionary: The troops embarked for
France.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Feasible
Syllabication: fea·si·ble
Pronunciation: \ˈfē-zə-bəl\
Part of Speech: Adjective

Origin: Middle English faisible, from Anglo-French faisable, from
fais-, stem of faire to make, do, from Latin facere
Meaning:
1 : capable of being done or carried out
2 : capable of being used or dealt with successfully
: suitable
3 : reasonable, likely
Synonyms: feasible, practicable, viable, workable
Antonyms: Impossible
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: The comitee selected the
plan that seemed most feasible.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Gawk
Syllabication: gawk
Pronunciation: \ˈgȯk\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Probably from English dialect gawk left-handed
Meaning: A clumsy stupid person : lout
Synonyms: Lout, klutz, clod, stumblebum, goon, oaf, lubber,
lummox, lump, gawk
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: What are you gawking at?
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Hectic
Syllabication: hec·tic
Pronunciation: \ˈhek-tik\
Part of Speech: adjective
Origin: Middle English etyk, from Anglo-French etique, from Late
Latin hecticus, from Greek hektikos habitual, consumptive,
from echein to have — more at scheme
Meaning: Of, relating to, or being a fluctuating but persistent
fever (as in tuberculosis) : having a hectic fever : red,
flushed : characterized by activity, excitement, or
confusion : Tiring.
Synonyms: feverish, hectic
Antonyms: unagitated, undisturbed
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: I’ve been so tired this day.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Indebted
Syllabication: in·debt·ed
Pronunciation: \in-ˈde-təd\
Part of Speech: Adjective
Origin: Middle English indetted, from Anglo-French endetté, past
participle of endetter to run into debt, from en- + dette debt
Meaning: owing gratitude or recognition to another : beholden,,,
owing money
Synonyms: obligated(predicate) (vs. unobligated)
Antonyms: INDIRECT (VIA obligated) -> unobligated
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: We are indebted to him.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Jargon
Syllabication: jar·gon
Pronunciation: \ˈjär-gən, -ˌgän\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle English, from Anglo-French jargun, gargon
Meaning: confused unintelligible language : a strange, outlandish, or
barbarous language or dialect : a hybrid language or dialect
simplified in vocabulary and grammar and used for
communication between peoples of different speech: the
technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special
activity or group: obscure and often pretentious language
marked by circumlocutions and long words
Synonyms: cant, jargon, slang, lingo, argot, patois, vernacular
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: jar·gony --Adjective
How the word is used in the dictionary: The jargon of foreigners.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Kernel
Syllabication: ker·nel
Pronunciation: \ˈkər-nəl\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle English, from Old English cyrnel, diminutive of corn.
Meaning: chiefly dialect : a fruit seed: the inner softer part of a
seed, fruit stone, or nut: a whole seed of a cereal corn>: a central or essential part : germ stereotypes…this one too contains some kernels of truth — S.
M. Lyman>: a subset of the elements of one set (as a group)
that a function (as a homomorphism) maps onto an identity
element of another set
Synonyms: grain, caryopsis
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary: The kernel of his
argument.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Ledge
Syllabication: ledge
Pronunciation: \ˈlej\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle English legge bar of a gate
Meaning: : a raised or projecting edge or molding intended to
protect or check : an underwater ridge or
reef especially near the shore : a narrow flat surface or
shelf; especially : one that projects from a wall of rock
: rock that is solid or continuous enough to form ledges
: bedrock : lode, vein
Synonyms: ridge
Antonyms: None
Inflection: ledgy -- Adjective
How the word is used in the dictionary: The window ledge is very
clean.
Student’s use of the word:








The Word: Mope
Syllabication: Mope
Pronunciation: \ˈmōp\
Part of Speech: Intransitive Verb
Origin: probably from obsolete mop, mope fool
Meaning: archaic : to act in a dazed or stupid manner: to give
oneself up to brooding : become listless or dejected: to move
slowly or aimlessly : dawdle
Synonyms: idler, loafer, do-nothing, layabout, bum
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: mop·er noun - mop·ey adjective
How the word is used in the dictionary: After he failed in the
exam he was just moping around.
Student’s use of the word:






The Word: Nod
Syllabication: Nod
Pronunciation: \ˈnäd\
Part of Speech: Verb
Origin: Middle English nodden; perhaps akin to Old High German
hnotōn to shake
Meaning: intransitive verb : to make a quick downward motion of
the head whether deliberately (as in expressing assent or
salutation) or involuntarily (as from drowsiness) : to incline
or sway from the vertical as though ready to fall : to bend
or sway the upper part gently downward or forward : bob
gently : to make a slip or error in a moment of abstraction.
transitive verb : to incline (as the head) downward or
forward : to bring, invite, or send by a nod
: to signify by a nod
Synonyms: gesture, motion, gesticulation
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: nod·ded; nod·ding
How the word is used in the dictionary: His head is nodding.
Student’s use of the word:






The Word: Orgy
Syllabication: or·gy
Pronunciation: \ˈȯr-jē\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle French orgie, from Latin orgia, plural, from Greek;
akin to Greek ergon work — more at work
Meaning: secret ceremonial rites held in honor of an ancient Greek
or Roman deity and usually characterized by ecstatic singing
and dancing a: drunken revelry : a sexual encounter involving
many people; also : an excessive sexual indulgence: excessive
indulgence in something especially to satisfy an inordinate
appetite or craving of thrill seeking and risk taking — K. T. Greenfeld
Synonyms: indulgence, indulging, pampering, humoring, pleasing
Antonyms: Noun
Inflection: plural orgies plural orgies
How the word is used in the dictionary: An orgy of killing.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Peculiarity
Syllabication: pe·cu·liar·i·ty
Pronunciation: \pi-ˌkyül-ˈya-rə-tē, -ˌkyü-lē-ˈa-\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: None
Meaning: the quality or state of being peculiar : a distinguishing characteristic : oddity, quirk
Synonyms: feature, characteristic
Antonyms: None
Inflection: plural pe·cu·liar·i·ties
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word: The peculiarities of a language.




The Word: Quaver
Syllabication: qua·ver
Pronunciation: \ˈkwā-vər\
Part of Speech: Verb
Origin: Middle English, frequentative of quaven to tremble
Meaning: Tremble, Trill,
Synonyms: Sound
Antonyms: None
Inflection: qua·vered; qua·ver·ing
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word: His voice is quavering when he recitein
the front of the class.







The Word: Ramification
Syllabication: ram·i·fi·ca·tion
Pronunciation: \ˌra-mə-fə-ˈkā-shən\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: NONE
Meaning: : branch, offshoot
Synonyms: Division
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: NONE
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word:





The Word: Sarcasm
Syllabication: sar·casm
Pronunciation:
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: : French or Late Latin; French sarcasme, from Late Latin
sarcasmos, from Greek sarkasmos, from sarkazein to tear
flesh, bite the lips in rage, sneer, from sark-, sarx flesh;
probably akin to Avestan thwarəs- to cut
Meaning: a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to
cut or give pain : a mode of satirical wit depending for its
effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic language that is
usually directed against an individual : the use or language of
sarcasm
Synonyms: wit, humor, humour, witticism, wittiness
Antonyms: None
Inflection: None
How the word is used in the dictionary: “How unselfish you are!”
said mary in sarcasm as john took the biggest piece of cake.
Student’s use of the word: “How beautiful you are!”
said Paulo in sarcasm as Girao put face powder to her face.






The Word: Tatter
Syllabication:
Pronunciation: \ˈta-tər\
Part of Speech: Verb
Origin: None
Meaning: to make ragged
Synonyms: rag, shred, tag, tag end, tatter
Antonyms: None
Inflection: None
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word:






The Word: Untidy
Syllabication: un·ti·dy
Pronunciation: \-ˈtī-dē\
Part of Speech: Adjective
Origin: NONE
Meaning: not neat
Synonms: blowsy, blowzy, slatternly, sluttish
Antonyms: clean-cut, trig, trim
Inflection: un·ti·di·ly adverb un·ti·di·ness noun
How the word is used in the dictionary: His handwriting is untidy.
Student’s use of the word:





The Word: Valiant
Syllabication: val·iant
Pronunciation: \ˈval-yənt\
Part of Speech: Adjective
Origin: Middle English vailant, valiant, from Anglo-French vaillant
Meaning: possessing or acting with bravery or boldness
Synonyms: brave (vs. cowardly), courageous, fearless
Antonyms: cowardly, coward, fearful
Inflection: val·iant·ly adverb val·iant·ness noun
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word: All CAT officers are all valiant.





The Word: Wane
Syllabication: Wane
Pronunciation: \ˈwān\
Part of Speech: Intransitive Verb
Origin: NONE
Meaning: to decrease in size
Synonyms: decline, diminution
Antonyms: wax
Inflection: waned
How the word is used in the dictionary: The moon wanes after it
has became full.
Student’s use of the word:




The Word: Yawning
Syllabication: yawn·ing
Pronunciation: \ˈyȯ-niŋ\
Part of Speech: Adjective
Origin: None
Meaning: wide open
Synonyms: breathe, take a breath, respire
Antonyms: NONE
Inflection: None
How the word is used in the dictionary: I saw a yawning hole.
Student’s use of the word:





The Word: Zenith
Syllabication: ze·nith
Pronunciation: \ˈzē-nəth, Canada also & British usually ˈze-nəth, -
nith\
Part of Speech: Noun
Origin: Middle English cenyth, senyth, from Middle French cenit,
from Medieval Latin, from Old Spanish zenit, modification
of Arabic samt (al-ra's) way (over one's head)
Meaning: the point of the celestial sphere that is directly opposite
the nadir and vertically above the observer — see azimuth
illustration : the highest point reached in the heavens by a
celestial body : culminating point : acme his powers — John Buchan>
Synonyms: celestial point
Antonyms: nadir
Inflection: None
How the word is used in the dictionary:
Student’s use of the word:

My Collectios Of Pies And PAstry Recipes

Vermont Apple Pie

INGREDIENTS

· 1 recipe pastry for a 9 inch double crust deep dish pie
· 3/4 cup white sugar
· 3/4 cup packed brown sugar
· 1/4 cup all-purpose flour
· 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
· 1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg
· 1/4 teaspoon salt
· 8 Macintosh apples - peeled, cored, and thinly sliced
· 2/3 cup sliced almonds (optional)
· 1/2 teaspoon almond extract (optional)
· 3 tablespoons butter

DIRECTIONS
1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F (190 degrees C).
2. In a large mixing bowl combine white sugar, brown sugar, flour, cinnamon, nutmeg, and salt. Add sliced almonds if desired. Mix thoroughly, then add apples. Toss until apples are well coated.
3. Turn apples into deep dish pie shell, sprinkle with almond extract if desired, and dot with butter or margarine. Cover with top crust, seal, and cut slits or decorative vents in pastry.
4. Place pie on baking sheet and bake in preheated oven for 55 minutes, or until filling bubbles and apples are tender. May need to cover edges of crust during last 20 minutes to prevent burning.









Meatless Mincemeat Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 (18 ounce) jar prepared mincemeat pie filling
1 1/2 cups chopped walnuts
2 apple - peeled, cored, and chopped
1/2 cup packed brown sugar
1/4 cup rum
1 tablespoon lemon juice
1 recipe pastry for a 9 inch double crust pie

DIRECTIONS
Combine mincemeat, walnuts, apples, brown sugar, lemon juice and rum in a bowl. Mix well. Cover and refrigerate overnight.
Preheat oven to 425 degrees F (220 degrees C).
Take filling out of refrigerator and let come to room temperature. Prepare crusts. Stir filling well and pour into shell. Top with full crust and make slits or make a lattice top. Crimp edges.
Bake in preheated oven on low shelf for 40 minutes or until golden brown.



Strawberry Pie II

INGREDIENTS

1 (9 inch) pie crust, baked
1 quart fresh strawberries
1 cup white sugar
3 tablespoons cornstarch
3/4 cup water
1/2 cup heavy whipping cream

DIRECTIONS
Arrange half of strawberries in baked pastry shell. Mash remaining berries and combine with sugar in a medium saucepan. Place saucepan over medium heat and bring to a boil, stirring frequently.
In a small bowl, whisk together cornstarch and water. Gradually stir cornstarch mixture into boiling strawberry mixture. Reduce heat and simmer mixture until thickened, about 10 minutes, stirring constantly. Pour mixture over berries in pastry shell. Chill for several hours before serving. In a small bowl, whip cream until soft peaks form. Serve each slice of pie with a dollop of whipped cream.





Berry Rhubarb Pie


INGREDIENTS

1 cup fresh blackberries
1 cup raspberries
2 cups rhubarb, cut into 1/2 inch pieces
3/4 cup white sugar
1/4 cup all-purpose flour
2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon salt
2/3 cup shortening
2 tablespoons butter
4 tablespoons ice water
1 tablespoon butter, melted
1 teaspoon lemon juice
1 1/2 tablespoons half-and-half cream
2 tablespoons white sugar

DIRECTIONS
To Make Filling: In a medium bowl, combine blackberries, raspberries, and rhubarb. In a separate bowl, mix together 3/4 cup sugar and 1/4 cup flour. Sprinkle over fruit mixture and stir gently. Cover bowl and refrigerate overnight.
To Make Crust: In a large bowl, mix 2 cups flour with salt. Cut in shortening and 2 tablespoons butter until texture is like coarse cornmeal. Place 1/3 of mixture in a separate bowl. To the smaller portion, add water and mix to form a paste. Add this mixture back to the rest of flour mixture and stir just until dough forms a ball. Allow to rest at least 20 minutes before rolling out. Divide dough in half. Roll out bottom crust and place in 9 inch pie pan.
Preheat oven to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C).
Mix 1 tablespoon melted butter and lemon juice into fruit filling, then spoon into pastry-lined pie pan. Roll out top crust and place over filling. Crimp edges and cut steam vents in top. Brush lightly with half and half and sprinkle lightly with sugar.
Bake in preheated oven for 10 minutes. Reduce temperature to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) and bake an additional 40 to 50 minutes, until crust is golden brown.


Blackberry and Blueberry Pie

INGREDIENTS

2/3 cup shortening
2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon salt
5 tablespoons cold water
3/4 cup white sugar
1/3 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
4 cups fresh blueberries
1 1/2 cups fresh blackberries
1 tablespoon lemon juice
2 tablespoons butter

DIRECTIONS
Cut shortening into 2 cups flour and salt until particles are size of small peas. Sprinkle in water 1 tablespoon at a time until flour is moistened. Gather into a ball, and roll out onto a lightly floured board. Make two rounds. Place one crust in a 9 inch pie dish.
Mix sugar, 1/3 cup flour, and cinnamon. Stir in berries to coat. Turn filling into pastry lined pan. Sprinkle with lemon juice, dot with butter. Cover with top crust; cut slits in the top. Seal and flute.
Bake at 425 degrees F (220 degrees C) for 35 to 45 minutes. Cover edges with foil to prevent burning, and remove foil for last 12 minutes of baking.



Blackberry Apple Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 pastry for a 9 inch double crust pie
5 cups thinly sliced, peeled cooking apples
1 pint fresh blackberries, rinsed and drained
1 tablespoon lemon juice
3/4 cup sugar
2 tablespoons cornstarch
2 tablespoons butter or margarine
1 egg, lightly beaten
1 tablespoon water or milk
Additional sugar

DIRECTIONS
Place bottom pastry in a 9-in. pie plate; top with a thin layer of apples. Combine blackberries and remaining apples in a large bowl; sprinkle with lemon juice. Add sugar and cornstarch and toss gently. Spoon into pie shell; dot with butter. Top with a lattice crust; seal edges. Combine egg and water or milk; brush over lattice top and pie edges. Bake at 375 degrees F for 50 minutes or until filling is bubbly and apples are tender. Sprinkle with additional sugar. Serve warm or at room temperature.





Pear Pie III

INGREDIENTS

1 (9 inch) unbaked pie crust
2 pears - peeled, cored and cut in half
1 cup white sugar
1/4 cup butter
1/4 cup all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon vanilla extract
2 eggs, beaten

DIRECTIONS
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).
Press the pie pastry into the bottom and up the sides of a 9 inch pie plate. Flute the edges. Place the pear halves cut side down in the pie crust with the small ends toward the center.
In a medium bowl, mix the butter and sugar together until smooth, then beat in the eggs one at a time until light and fluffy. Stir in flour and vanilla. Pour over the top of the pears.
Bake for 1 hour in the preheated oven, until pears are soft and custard is set in the center. Cool completely before slicing and serving.




Pear Pie II

INGREDIENTS

1 (9 inch) unbaked pie crust
3 eggs
1/3 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup white sugar
1 teaspoon almond extract
1/4 cup melted butter
3 pears - peeled, cored and sliced

DIRECTIONS
Preheat oven to 375 degrees F (190 degrees C.)
In a large bowl, combine eggs, flour, sugar, almond extract and melted butter. Pour into unbaked pie crust. Arrange sliced pears in spokes radiating from center.
Bake in the preheated oven for 15 minutes, then reduce temperature to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) and bake for 25 to 35 minutes, or until custard is firm. Cool completely before serving.





Pear Crumb Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 1/3 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup shortening
2 tablespoons cold water

FILLING:

1/2 cup packed brown sugar
2 tablespoons cornstarch
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
1/8 teaspoon salt
1 dash ground nutmeg
6 cups thinly sliced peeled pears
1 tablespoon lemon juice

TOPPING:

2/3 cup all-purpose flour
1/3 cup packed brown sugar
1/3 cup cold butter or margarine

DIRECTIONS
In a bowl, combine flour and salt; cut in shortening until crumbly. Sprinkle with water; toss until mixture is moist enough to shape into a ball. On a floured surface, roll out pastry to fit a 9-in. pie pan. Flute edges. Combine filling ingredients; spoon into the crust. Bake at 400 degrees F for 25 minutes. For topping, combine flour and brown sugar; cut in butter until crumbly. Sprinkle over filling. bake 40 minutes longer. Cover edges with foil during the last 15 minutes to prevent overbrowning if necessary.




Gingersnap Pear Tart

INGREDIENTS

1 cup gingersnap crumbs
2 tablespoons butter or stick margarine
1 (8 ounce) package reduced fat cream cheese
1 (8 ounce) package fat-free cream cheese
1/3 plus 1/4 cup sugar, divided
2 teaspoons all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs, lightly beaten
2 large ripe pears, peeled and thinly sliced
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon

DIRECTIONS
In a bowl, combine cookie crumbs and butter. Press onto the bottom and 1/2 in. up the sides of a 9-in. springform pan coated with nonstick cooking spray. Bake at 350 degrees F for 5-8 minutes or until set. Cool on a wire rack.
In a mixing bowl, beat cream cheeses until smooth. Beat in 1/3 cup sugar, flour and vanilla. Add eggs; beat on low speed just until combined. Pour into crust. Combine pears, cinnamon and remaining sugar; arrange pear slices over cream cheese mixture. Place pan on a baking sheet. Bake at 350 degrees F for 30-40 minutes or until almost set. Immediately run a knife around edge of pan to loosen; cool on a wire rack for 1 hour. Refrigerate for at least 2 hours.





Ginger Pear Pie


INGREDIENTS

3 tablespoons cornstarch
1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
1/2 cup water
1/2 cup dark corn syrup
1 teaspoon lemon juice
1/8 teaspoon grated lemon peel
4 large pears, peeled and thinly sliced
1 tablespoon butter or margarine
1 (9 inch) unbaked pastry shell

TOPPING:

1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1/4 cup packed brown sugar
1/8 teaspoon ground ginger
1/4 cup cold butter or margarine
1/4 cup chopped pecans

DIRECTIONS
In a saucepan, combine the first six ingredients until blended. Gently stir in pears. Bring to a boil over medium heat, stirring occasionally; boil for 1 minute. Add butter. Pour into pastry shell.
For topping, combine flour, brown sugar and ginger in bowl. Cut in butter until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Sprinkle over pears. Bake at 425 degrees F for 20-25 minutes or until topping is golden brown.




Fresh Pear Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 recipe pastry for a 9 inch double crust pie
1/2 cup white sugar
3 tablespoons all-purpose flour
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon lemon zest
5 cups peeled and sliced pears
1 tablespoon butter
1 tablespoon lemon juice

DIRECTIONS
Combine sugar, flour, salt, cinnamon, and lemon rind in mixing bowl.
Arrange pears in layers in a 9 inch pastry lined pan, sprinkling sugar mixture over each layer. Dot with butter. Sprinkle with lemon juice. Roll out remaining dough; cut slits for escape of steam. Moisten rim of bottom crust. Place top crust over filling. Fold edge under bottom crust, pressing to seal. Flute edge.
Bake at 450 degrees F (230 degrees C) for 10 minutes. Reduce temperature to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C), and bake for an additional 35 to 40 minutes.


Swedish Apple Pie

INGREDIENTS

2 1/2 cups peeled, cored and sliced apples
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon white sugar
1 cup white sugar
3/4 cup margarine, melted
1/2 cup chopped pecans
1 cup all-purpose flour
1 egg, lightly beaten
1 pinch salt

DIRECTIONS

Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Lightly grease a 9 inch pie pan with margarine.
Fill 2/3 of the pan with sliced apples. Sprinkle with cinnamon and 1 teaspoon sugar.
In a medium bowl, mix 1 cup sugar with the melted margarine. Stir in pecans, flour, egg and salt. Mix well. Spread mixture over the apples.
Bake in preheated oven for 65 minutes, or until golden brown.



Chocolate Bourbon Pecan Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 (9 inch) pie shell
1 cup white sugar
1 cup light corn syrup
1/2 cup butter
4 eggs, beaten
1/4 cup bourbon
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1/4 teaspoon salt
6 ounces semisweet chocolate chips
1 cup chopped pecans

DIRECTIONS

Preheat oven to 325 degrees F (165 degrees F).
In a small saucepan combine sugar, corn syrup, and butter or margarine. Cook over medium heat, stirring constantly, until butter or margarine melts and sugar dissolves. Cool slightly.
In a large bowl combine eggs, bourbon, vanilla, and salt. Mix well. Slowly pour sugar mixture into egg mixture, whisking constantly. Stir in chocolate chips and pecans. Pour mixture into pie shell.
Bake in preheated oven for 50 to 55 minutes, or until set and golden. May be served warm or chilled.



Pecan Pie V

INGREDIENTS

1 cup light brown sugar
1/4 cup white sugar
1/2 cup butter
2 eggs
1 tablespoon all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon milk
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 cup chopped pecans

DIRECTIONS

Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).
In a large bowl, beat eggs until foamy, and stir in melted butter. Stir in the brown sugar, white sugar and the flour; mix well. Last add the milk, vanilla and nuts.
Pour into an unbaked 9-in pie shell. Bake in preheated oven for 10 minutes at 400 degrees, then reduce temperature to 350 degrees and bake for 30 to 40 minutes, or until done.


Double Layer Pumpkin Cheesecake

INGREDIENTS

2 (8 ounce) packages cream cheese, softened
1/2 cup white sugar
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs
1/2 cup pumpkin puree
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 pinch ground cloves
1 pinch ground nutmeg
1 (9 inch) prepared graham cracker crust
1/2 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed

DIRECTIONS
Preheat oven to 325 degrees F (165 degrees C).
In a large bowl, combine cream cheese, sugar and vanilla. Beat until smooth. Blend in eggs one at a time. Remove 1 cup of batter and spread into bottom of crust; set aside.
Add pumpkin, cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg to the remaining batter and stir gently until well blended. Carefully spread over the batter in the crust.
Bake in preheated oven for 35 to 40 minutes, or until center is almost set. Allow to cool, then refrigerate for 3 hours or overnight. Cover with whipped topping before serving.




Creamy Blueberry Pie

INGREDIENTS

3 cups fresh blueberries
1 (9 inch) deep dish pie crust
1 cup white sugar
1/3 cup all-purpose flour
1/8 teaspoon salt
2 eggs, beaten
1/2 cup sour cream
1/2 cup white sugar
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1/4 cup butter

DIRECTIONS
Combine 1 cup sugar, 1/3 cup flour, and salt. Add eggs and sour cream, stirring until blended.
Place blueberries in pastry shell, and spoon sour cream mixture over berries.
In another bowl, combine 1/2 cup sugar and 1/2 cup flour. Cut in butter or margarine with pastry blender until mixture resembles course meal. Sprinkle this mixture over sour cream mixture and berries in the pie shell.
Bake at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for 50 to 55 minutes, or until lightly browned. If desired, garnish with additional blueberries and mint leaves.



Blueberry Cheesecake Pie

INGREDIENTS

1 1/2 cups graham cracker crumbs
6 tablespoons butter, melted
1/2 cup white sugar
1 (8 ounce) package cream cheese
1/2 cup white sugar
2 eggs
1 quart fresh blueberries
1/2 cup water
1 cup white sugar
3 tablespoons cornstarch
1 (16 ounce) package frozen whipped topping, thawed

DIRECTIONS
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).
In a medium bowl, combine graham cracker crumbs, melted butter and 1/2 cup sugar. Press into the bottom of an 8x12 inch baking pan.
In a large bowl, combine cream cheese, eggs and 1/2 cup sugar. Beat until smooth. Spread cream cheese mixture over crust.
Bake at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for about 15 minutes.
For the blueberry filling: In a large sauce pan, combine blueberries, water, corn starch and 1 cup sugar. Cook and stir until thick.
Spread blueberry filling over baked cream cheese mixture. Let cool. Top with whipped topping. Refrigerate overnight before cutting into squares and serving.




Red, White, and Blueberry Cheesecake Pie

INGREDIENTS

8 sheets phyllo dough
1/4 cup butter, melted
2 (8 ounce) packages cream cheese
1/2 cup white sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs
2 cups fresh blueberries
1/2 cup strawberry jelly

DIRECTIONS
On a flat surface, place one sheet phyllo dough. Brush it with melted butter or margarine, and cover with another piece of phyllo. Repeat until all 8 sheets are used. Using kitchen scissors, cut layered phyllo into a 12 to 13 inch circle. Carefully press circle into a greased 9 inch pie plate; gently fan edges. Bake at 425 degrees F (220 degrees C) until edges are just golden, 6 to 8 minutes; cool slightly on a wire rack.
In a medium bowl, beat cream cheese, sugar, and vanilla with an electric mixer until light and fluffy. Beat in eggs until well combined. Fold in 1 cup of blueberries. Pour filling into prepared crust.
Bake at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) until set, 40 to 50 minutes. To prevent over browning of crust, gently cover pie with foil for the last 25 minutes of baking. Cool completely on a wire rack.
In a small bowl, beat jelly until smooth; spread over cheese filling. Arrange 1 cup blueberries on top in a star pattern.




Blueberry Pie

INGREDIENTS

3/4 cup white sugar
3 tablespoons cornstarch
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
4 cups fresh blueberries
1 recipe pastry for a 9 inch double crust pie
1 tablespoon butter

DIRECTIONS
Preheat oven to 425 degrees F (220 degrees C).
Mix sugar, cornstarch, salt, and cinnamon, and sprinkle over blueberries.
Line pie dish with one pie crust. Pour berry mixture into the crust, and dot with butter. Cut remaining pastry into 1/2 - 3/4 inch wide strips, and make lattice top. Crimp and flute edges.
Bake pie on lower shelf of oven for about 50 minutes, or until crust is golden brown.

Science Investigatory Project

Electric Generator
Wooden Generator

Making an electric generator is a good way of learning the principles of generators. It also is an exciting science project.
As a display project, you just need to make it and demonstrate it's structure. As an experimental project, you need to come up with questions about the factors that may affect the rate of production of electricity.

Question:

If you want to do this as an experimental project, following are some suggested questions:
How does the speed of turning affect the production of electricity?
How does the diameter of wire coil affect the amount of electricity?
How does the number of loops of wire in the coil affect the amount of electricity?
How does the diameter of coil wire affect the electric current?
How do the material used in the construction of an electric generator affect the production of electricity?

Hypothesis:

Depending on the question that you select, you may predict an answer. That is called your hypothesis.

Dependent and Independent Variables

The factor that you are testing is your independent variable. For example the speed of turning and diameter of wire are samples of independent variables. The rate of production of electricity is the dependent variable.


Material:

Following are the material that you need in order to construct a wooden electric generator.
Wood dowel 3/8" diameter
Wood Dowel 1" diameter.
Rod magnet 3" long
Insulated copper wire
1.2 Volt Screw Base light Bulb
Base for the light bulb
Small sand paper
Wood Glue
1/2 Square foot Balsa wood (1/8" diameter)


Preparation:

If you are buying a kit, all the wooden parts are included and they are already cut to the size. So you just need to connect them. If you don't have a kit, prepare the wooden parts as follows:
Cut two square pieces from the balsa wood (3.5" x 3.5").
Make a 3/8" hole in the center of each square.
Cut four 1" x 3 7/16.
Cut a 3/4" piece from the 1" wood dowel. Make a 3/8" hole in the center of it. Insert a 6" long 3/8" wood dowel in the hole, apply some glue. center it and wait for it to dry.
Make another hole with the diameter of your rod magnet in the center of the larger wood dowel piece for the magnet to go through.
Wood dowels after completing the step 4
Wood dowels after completing the step 5
Adult supervision and professional help is required for all cuttings and hole makings.

Procedure:

Insert the magnet in the hole of the wood dowel. Center it and use some glue to secure it.
Use one large square balsa wood and four smaller rectangular balsa woods to make a box.
Insert your wood dowel into the hole in the center of the box. At this time the magnet is inside the box.
Place the other large square to complete the box. Apply some glue to the edges and wait for the glue to dry. By now, you have a box and inside the box you have a magnet that can spin when you spin the wood dowel.
Wrap the copper wire around the box and use masking tape to secure it. Note that more copper wire around the box results more electricity.
Remove the insulation from the ends of the wire and connect it to the screws of the bulb holder or base.
Insert the light bulb
Spin the wood dowel fast to get the light.

Pag-Ibig ni Consolacion P. Sauco

Pag – Ibig
(Consolacion P. Sauco)

Nais kong abutin ang iyong pangarap,
Ihandog ko ito sa ‘yong mga yapak,
Ang ninanasa mo ay aking matupad,
Ng kaligayaha’y sumaiyong palad.

Ibig kong masunod pasabi mo sa akin,
Na matupad sana ang ‘yong mga hiling,
Anumang panganib aking susuungin,
Ang isasagawa ko’y bukal sa damdamin.

Sinong di iibig sa taglay mong ganda?
Mukhang nakangiti at lagging alaala,
Umula’t umaraw ikaw ang ligaya,
Bathaluman ka nga ng aking pagsinta.

Ang limutin kita’y aking kamatayan,
Sa laot ng buhay ikaw ang aking gabay,
Kasasabi mo lang na ako ay ay mahal,
Patunayan ito, o irog kong hirang.

Di Mo Kaya Ang Mag-isa

Di Mo Kaya Ang Mag-isa

Sa palagay mo ba buhay mo’y sasaya
Kung sa sarili mo ika’y nag – iisa
Hindi bat nararapat humanap ka ng kasama
Kaibiga’ng aagapay sa tuwi- tuwina

Kapag ika’y nalulungkot , kanino ka lumalapit
Kapag nais mong magsumbong sino ang siyang nakikinig
Hindi ba t’ ang kaibigan na lagi mong kapanalig
Sa buhay mo’y tumutulong kapag ika’y nagigipit

Kapag ika’y masaya punong - puno ka ng ligaya
Kaibiga’y naririyan kasabay mong tumatawa
Halakhak niya’y nagsasabing siya ri’y maligaya
Kaisa mong natutuwa dahil ika’y masaya

Kapag ika’y lumalakad, sino ang siyang sumasama
Hindi ba’t ang kaibigan na laging handa sa twina
Kung hindi man niya kayanin ang masamahan ka
Agad siyang nagsasabing, mag-ingat ka sana

Kapag ika’y may problema, malaki man o maliit
Kaibiga’y naririyan at sayo’y lumalapit
Kamay mo’y pinipisil, luha mo’y pinapahid
Sabay sabing nariyan siya, di ka dapat maligalig

Kapag ika’y nililito sino ang siyang nangangaral?
Sinong nagtutuwid ng mali mong gawi’t asal
Hindi ba’t ang kaibigan na sayo’y gumagabay
Sa paglalakbay mo’y siyang umaakay

Ngayo’y sabihin mo kung kaya mong mag-isa
Kung kaya mong mabuhay ng wala siya
Di’bat hindi katoto ko, hindi mo ito kaya
Sapagkat itong kaibigan kaagapay mo sa tuwina.

Suring Basa ng Dekada 70'

Suring Basa

Dekada 70

Ang mga tauhan sa “Dekada 70” ay pawang nakapagbigay ng kanilang totong emosyon. Si Amanda na isang inang mapagmahal na may gustong patunayan. Si Julian na boses ng tahanan, mataas ang pride at ayaw pagtrabahuhin si Amanda at di mapigil ang kagustuhan ng
kanyang mga anak.. Si Jules na may paninindigan at lakas ng loob na lumaban para sa bayan. Si Isagani na isang mapusok na kabataan. Si Emmanuel na panig kay Jules na lumalaban sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat. Si Jason na isang mabuting anak na pinatay ng mga kalaban ni Jules. Si Bingo isang mapagmahal na bunsong anak.

Ang “Dekada 70” ni Lualhati Bautista ay tumutukoy sa kwento ng isang pamilya na nahuli sa kalagitnaan ng kaguluhan sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Ang mga anak ng pamilyang ito na tumahak ng ibat-ibang landas. At ang magulang na humarap sa suliranin at di sumuko sa mga problemang dumaan.Tunay na sa isang pamilya masasabing “WALANG IWANAN”


Ang tema ng palabas na ito ay ang mga problemang dumating sa magkakapatid, sa ama na humarap sa mga suliranin sa kanyang mga anak, sa ina na nagbigay ng kanyang pagmamahal ng buong puso sa pinakamahirap na problemang dumating sa kanila. Ang boses ng isang ina na naghahanap ng isang karanasang kakaiba sa pakikisalamuha sa mga tao, pagkakaroon ng silbi! Na gusting maunawaan kung sino sya bilang asawa, bilang ina at bilang isang babaing Pilipino.

Ang “Dekada 70” ay isang palabas na tunay na makabayan. Sinasalamin nito ang mga taong tumatahak sa kanilang mga landas na may gusting patunayan. Ang mga tao sa likod nito ay may kakayahang makapagpalabas ng isang buhay na larawan ng isang pamilyang dumanas ng mga problema. Sa mga kasuotan at mga gamit dahil ito ay naganap noong mga 1970 naipakita ang mga kasuotan at mga gamit na talagang pang 1970.

Maganda ang kwento at nagsasabi sa atin na kailangan nating ipaglaban ang ating mga karapatan bilang isang mamamayan sa isang malinis na paraan. Makikita na upang makalaya tayo sa pagkaalipin may mga taong nagsisikap na mapaalis ang mga taong mapang-api gaya ni Jules at ng kaibigan niya na hinangad ang kabutihan ng isang bansa at di lamang sa pansarili.

Nakalulungkot nga lang at namatay si Jason na kapatid ni Jules dahil sa paglaban nito sa pamahalaan. Nakaantig damdamin ang mga pinagdaanan ni Amanda bilang isang ina dahil masakit para sa kanya ang mawalan ng anak at maghirap ang mga ito.

Sa kabuuan ng kwento, masasasabing maganda ito sapagkat naipakita at nagbigay ng aral ito sa mga manonood. Bagamat kalunos-lunos ang nangyari sa pamilyang ito ay nakapagsimula silang muli at nagiging makabayan na. Masasabi nating sa kasalukuyan ay maaaring mangyari ito dahil sa gulo ng ating pamahalaan. Kaya maging mapagmasid tayo sa lahat ng oras at gawing mapayapa ang inyong gagawin. Isa lang ang tanong sa kwentong ito “Paano mo palalakihin ang iyong mga anak sa panahon ng katiyakan.


Balangkas






I Tagpuan:
# Sa highway
# Sa isang bahay sa Maynila
# Sa kulungan

II Banghay:
# Natural ang mga pangyayari na naganap sa kwento. Ipinakita ang pag torture kay Jules na ginagawa ng mga sundalo.
# May pagkaka-ugnayugnay ang mga pangyayari sa kwento. Naugnay ang lahat ng pangyayari sa panahon ng Martial Law.
# Malinaw ang mga ipinakitang pangyayari dito. Ipinakita ang nanyayari noong panahon ng Martial Law o batas military.

III Tauhan:
# Amanda – mapagmahal na ina. Gustong magkaroon ng sibi at sariling karera.
# Julian – boses ng tahanan. Mataas ang pride, ayaw pagtrabahuhin si Amanda. Di kayang mapigil ang desisyon ng mga anak.
# Jules – may paninindigan. Buo ang loob at tunay na makabayan.
# Isagani – halimbawa ng isang mapusok na kabataan.
# Emmanuel – kabataan na lumalaban sa pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat.
# Jason – namatay dahil ng mga kalaban ni Jules. Dahil si Jules ay kasapi sa mga kalaban ng pamahalaan.
# Bingo – mapagmahal na bunsong anak at laging karamay ni Amanda.

IV Tema:
# Ang tema ng palabas na ito ay ang mga problemang dumating sa magkakapatid, sa ama na humarap sa mga suliranin sa kanyang mga anak, sa ina na nagbigay ng kanyang pagmamahal ng buong puso sa pinakamahirap na problemang dumating sa kanila. Ang boses ng isang ina na naghahanap ng isang karanasang kakaiba sa pakikisalamuha sa mga tao, pagkakaroon ng silbi! Na gusting maunawaan kung sino sya bilang asawa, bilang ina at bilang isang babaing Pilipino.

V Istilo:
# Gumamit si Lualhati Bautista ng pagkakaroon ng mga epekto sa mga paniniwalang kanika-nilalang tinahak. Inilarawan ang isang pamilyang tumahak ng kanikanilang kagustuhan at ang mga naging epekto nito sa kanila.

Short Story Analysis and Novel Analysis

CANDIDO’S APOCALYPSE

I. Author
Nick Joaquin

II. Setting: Vacant lot of the Village, Henson’s Apartment.

III. Character and Characterization:
A: Pete Henson – friend of Bobby, son of Mr. & Mrs. Henson.

B: Mr. Henson – father of Pete, husband of Mrs. Henson.

C: Mrs. Henson – mother of Pete, wife of Mr. Henson.

D: Bobby Heredia – friend of Pete, son of Mr. & Mrs. Heredia, who kills
Pompoy Morel.

E: Mr. Heredia – father of Bobby, husband of Mrs. Heredia.

F: Mrs. Heredia – mother of Bobby, wife of Mr. Heredia.

G: Pompoy Morel – being killed by Bobby.

IV. Summary
Pete’s family had one of the middle door, not even a corner door in a barracks like apartment building they have bump into one thing after another. One day Bobby Heredia Henson’s friend came to their house. Bobby came from rich family. He is stowaway. He observe that his friend is poor family. When he opened his eyes he was upstairs in a lower half of the double decker and he knew he was in the upstairs of Henson’s Apartment. Other room across like this he could see through the open door would be where Mr. & Mrs. Henson slept. Sunshine from the window at the head of the bed looked late morning and everything in his head was also light but clear no fuzzy ache to all and as he lay at ease in his room. He had stopped listening had turned over his other side till he heard Mr. Henson calling Mrs. Henson. He went down the stairs and and Pete coming into the room when he had turned around again. He saw how Pete had down get circumcised his way of giving his old man a failing mark after believing for years he was smarter than the faculty. But he looked up there was nothing to judge.

V. Theme/ Moral Lesson
Remember all the things that you learn from others.


I. Title of the Story
Emma

II. The Author
Jane Austen

III. Elements

A. CHARACTERS & CHARACTERIZATION

Mr. George Knightly – whose brother had married Emma elder sister.
Miss. Taylor – a governess who fell a little short of a mother in affection.
Mr. Weston – who had married Miss Churchill.
Mr. Elton – a local clergyman.
Mrs. Goddard – the mistress of a boarding school.
Harriet Smith – A young girl whom Emma take under her wing.
Mr. Martin – send a proposal of married to Harriet Smith.
Mrs. Isabella Knightly – visit her father and sister at Hartfield.
Frank Churchill – noting that he has not yet visited the Weston since they
were married.
Mr. & Mrs. Bates – despite their low status in society.
Elizabeth – sister of Robert martin

B. SETTING

Hartfield – Mr. & Mrs. Knightly visit her father.
Randalls – they celebrates her Christmas Eve with her family.
Highbury – Elton return with renewed spirits.
London – Franf returned because unashamed of what he had done.

C. PLOT

This chapter introduces the novel’s title character and protagonist, Emma Wood House. It begins also the story of Mr. Weston who had married Miss. Churchill. It also introduces a number of minor character including the impoverished Mrs. Bates and Miss. Bates. Emma introduces Harriet Smith into her social circle, Using her as a companion to replace Mrs. Weston. Mr. Knightly discusses with Mrs. Weston how to this approves of Emma’s friendship with Harriet Smith. Emma speak to Mr. Elton about Harriet Smith, but for every complement he gives Harriet. Mr. Martin sends a proposal of marriage to Harriet Smith. Harriet slept Hartfield, the wood house state, that knight as she had done frequently. Mr. Elton gives Emma a poem seemingly intended for Harriet. Emma makes a chiritible to a poor sick family outside Highbury. Mr. John and Mrs. Isabella Knightly invites members of Highbury society dine with his family at Randalls on Christmas Eve. The Weston are disappointed that Frack Churchill did not come to Highbury. This chapter tells the story of Jane Fairfax, the grand daughter of Mrs.Bates. Harriet details to Emma the circumstances of hot visit with martins. Emmas good opinion of Frank Churchill is shaken when she hears that. Frank Churchill returned from London. Frank Churchill behaves oddly towards Emma at the ball at the crown inn. Harriet visit Emma several days to make a confession. Harriet Smith is to be married to Robert Martin. Harriet writes to Emma about Robert Martin, and admits that she was silly to consider Mr. Knightly.


D. CONFLICT

Frank Churchill and Harriet arrive at Hartfield together the day after the ball. The night before, when Harriet was walking home, a party of gypsies approached Harriet and her companions and chased them. Harriet was assaulted by a group of them and he saved by Frank Churchill while he was on his way to return a pair of scissors to Miss Bates. Emma considers that Harriet and Frank Churchill might make a good couple. Soon the news of Frank’s heroism was known throughout Highbury. Emma vows not to middle between the two.


E. PENOEMENT

Emma now has two obstacle to a marriage with Mr. Knightly Harriet Smith and her father. Emma could not marry Mr. Knightly while her father lived, for any marriage would greatly inconvenient him, and Emma wonders how best to give the news to Harriet, Emma attempts to get Harriet invited to stay with Isabella in London, where she would be distracted, Frank Churchill writes a letter to Mrs. Weston, which expresses regret for his deception and clarifies some of his behavior. He writes that Emma is a young woman unlikely ever to be attached, for she is so complete in herself.

F. ENDING

Mrs. Weston gives birth to a little girl, Anna, and they already consider that the girl could marry one of Isabella’s sons. Emma tells Mr. Knightly that she cannot call him by his first name, but promise to call him George after they married. The two share the news of their engagement. Mr. Woodhouse dislikes the idea of Emma marrying Mr. Knightly simply because it would forced him to change his habits, but time and reassurance will inevitably soften the old man, who does inevitably assent to the marriage. Harriet Smith is to be married to Robert Martin. Emma was somewhat disappointment, as Mr. Knightly suspect, but he reminds her that she will be happy and will provide for. When Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax visit Highbury, Emma. Harriet writes to Emma about Robert Martin, and admits that she was silly to consider Mr. Knightly. Harriet learns about her parents: her father was a respectable tradesman who called provide for her stay at Mrs. Goddard’s school. Emma meets Robert Martin and becomes convinced that Harriet will be happy with him. Harriet marries Robert Martin, and later , after Mr. Woodhouse is placated, Emma marries Mr. Knightly.

G. SUMMARY

This chapter introduced the novel’s title, character and protagonist, Emma Woodhouse, at twenty one the youngest of two daughters. Emma tries to take credits for the marriage, claiming that she matched Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston.
This chapter begins with the story of Mr. Weston who had married a Miss. Churchill, who was of a higher social status than he. The child now grown and having adopted the name of those who raised him ( Frank Churchill ) kept in contact with Mr. Weston and was considered a curiosity to those in Highbury, the town where the Weston and the Woodhouse reside.
This chapter introduces the no. of minor characters. Emma deems Harriet’s acquaintances, farmers by the name of Martin, course and inappropriate for Harriet, and decides to improved Harriet.
Emma introduces Harriet Smith into her social circle, using her as a companion to replace Mrs. Weston. Emma decides that Mr. Elton would suit Harriet , for he did not have low connections but did not have a family who would object to Harriet’s doubtful birth.
Mr. Knightly discusses with Mr. Weston how he disapproves of Emma’s friendship with Harriet Smith. Still, praises Emma for her beauty when Mrs. Weston presses him.
Emma speaks to Mr. Elton about Harriet Smith, but for every compliment he gives Harriet, Mr. Elton gives Emma the credit. Mr. Elton takes the picture to London so that it can be framed.
Mr. Martin sends a proposal of marriage to Harriet Smith. When she tells Emma that she is thinking about Mr. Martin, she tells her to think instead of how Mr. Elton is in London getting her portrait framed.
Harriet slept at Hartfield, the Woodhouse estate, that night, as she had done frequently. Mr. Knightly dismisses the idea of Harriet and Mr. Elton.
Mr. Elton gives Emma a poem seemingly intended for Harriet. Mr. Woodhouse tells Emma and Harriet that Isabella (Emma’s sister) and her family will came to Hartfield soon.
Emma makes a charitable visit to a poor sick family outside Highbury. Emma continues to contrive a romance between Harriet and Mr. Elton.
Mr. John and Mrs. Isabella Knightly visit her father and sister at Hartfield. Emma wishes to contract John, thinking that his comments reflect badly on Mr. Weston, but wishes to instead keep the peace.
Emma decides that Mr. George Knightly must dine with them upon his brother’s visit. Isabella mentions Jane Fair fax in conversation, claiming that only she could be as accomplished and superior as Emma, a more suitable companion that Harriet Smith.
Mr. Weston invites member of Highbury society to dine with his family at Randall on Christmas Eve. Emma’s displeased that Mr. Elton seems unaffected by Harriet absence.
During her visit with the Weston’s, Mr. Elton continually attempts to be near Emma. When Emma nears about Frank Churchill, she think that if she were to marry, Frank night suit her in age, character and condition.
Mr. Elton asks Emma about Harriet Smith’s illness, but it seemed as if he were more concerted that Emma might possibly fall sick. When Emma brings up Harriet Smith, he disparages her for her low level, and reminds Emma that he only spend time with Harriet when Emma was near and that Emma gave him encouragement.
The next day, Emma was miserable that she was so deceived by Mr. Elton. Mr. Knightly, despite the inclement weather, visits Hartfield that Christmas day.
Mr. and Mrs. John Knightly soon left Highbury. Emma realizes that Harriet is in fact her superior, she is artless and sincere that Harriet was more resolutely in love with Mr. Elton than she had fore seem.
The Weston are disappointed that Frank Churchill did not come to Highbury, postponing his visits once again. Mr. Knightly predicts that Frank Churchill will turn out to be insufferable.
Emma and Harriet call upon Mrs. and Miss. Bates, despite their low status in society. Emma gets idea that Jane Fairfax is involve with a Mr. Dixon.
This chapter tell the story of Jane Fairfax, the granddaughter of Mrs. Bates. Emma is polite to her, despite her jealousy, and she even gains some minor information about Frank Churchill from Jane, who has meet him.
Mr. Knightly compliments Emma on how will she treated Jane Fairfax whom they dined together. Emma seems relieved that Harriet has little opportunity for contact with the Martin’s.
Now a week after Miss Augusta Hawkins name had been mentioned among Highbury. Emma suggests that Harriet visit the Martin’s out of considerations for propriety.
Harriet details to Emma the circumstances of her visit with Martins and Emma is pleased by the beginning of this acquaintances.
Frank Churchill and Mrs. Weston visit Emma, who decides that Frank Churchill could not have been voluntarily refusing to visit his father. Emma believes Frank to be more moderate and warmer that she expected, less a spoiled child of fortune.
Emma’s good opinion of Frank Churchill is shaken when she hears that. Although Emma thinks that this is an affront to her high place in society she could decide her social circle and not have it decided for her she accepts the invitation.
Frank Churchill returned from London, unashamed of what he had done. Emma speaks with Ms. Knightly to assuage her fears, and he disparages. Frank Churchill for showing off his own voice by singing at the party.
Harriet Smith visits Emma while Emma and Harriet continue to shop. Miss Bates invites them to heat Jane Fairfax Play at her new piano.
At the Bates home, Emma listens to Jane play. Miss Bates thanks Mr, Knightly for sending them his store of apples.
Frank Churchill, who so enjoyed dancing at the Cole’s party. The lack of acceptable space for dancing loads him to plan it instead for the Crown Inn.
A letter arrived from Mr. Churchill to urge his nephews instant return. She convinces herself that she is in love.
Emma Had no doubt that she was in love, but wondered how much she loved Frank Churchill. She Asks Harriet to speak less of Mr. Elton for her own sake, and Harriet apologies for being ungrateful.
Emma first saw the new Mrs. Elton at church. She even calls Mr. Knightly the much less formal “knightly”
Mrs. Elton Offended by the little encouragement given by Emma. Mr. Knightly has spent so much time occupied with the idea of nit being in love with Jane Fairfax that he will probably and in marrying her.
Emma decides to have a party for the Eltons at Hartfield to hide her contempt for Mrs. Elton.Are they sent by Mr. Dixon, or the Campbells or another person altogether.